BorDHoman jegeD birDa.gaz ren pa.tHuwa kotHen kHon Tuma.lakan sanTazi kuDum koreyag Tocbic

Je. en. murmu¹

1.Teacher-in Charge & Assistant professor, Department of Santali, The University of Burdwan.

mul kaTHa (Abstract): sanTaz savTa reyag kaTHa la.y lekHan ge puyluTe a.Tu Disom reyag jiyon ciTa.r ge monere jHalkaw rakabog-a | a.Tu Disom ren hoz koDo cas-abaDx, seNDera-kareka ar ka.mi-nalha kaTe jiyon ko kHaNdawyeDa | nofkan jiyon kHaNdaw bHeDxre ja-uda.f jira.w okoTo qamog-a, nofkan okoT rege sanTaz Do kuDum ko la.pa.ya | kuDum la.pa.y Do buDx, a.kil ar geyan carca reyag panTHa kana | giDxra. KHon ehobx kaTe hazam, budhi jHoTo lekan umer ren hoz koge kuDum Doko carcaya | kuDum savTe savTa, lakcar ar a.rica.li ko a.di ga.hir bHabxTe jopozaw akana | kuDum carca TalaTe savTa reyag na.yTik seceD jaNhaleka cal ganog-a, tHik onkage jukTi TalaTe kaTHa la.y bafkHan moT em reyag Daze Teyarog-a | kuDum Do huyug kana miD lekan jukTiyanag panTHa (Logical tools) kana |    kuDum Do Tis kHon okalekare sanTaz savTare parcawyena, nowa la.y Do baf alga-a | iqag nowa kHoNDxroNDx sakam TalaTe Do galoc reyag iq rika.yeDa je, okalekare sanTaz ko muDxre kuDom reyag DHarona hej ena ar kuDum reyag gozhon ge baf okalekare nofka Teyarena ? nowa koge pusta.wTe galoc soDor ge nowa kHoNDxroNDx sakam reyag asol jos Do kana | jegeD birDa.gaz ren 300 gotaf pa.tHuwa. ko sav qapam ar kupuli TalaTe sanTazi kuDum ko Tumal. kaTe Tocbicena | nofka carca TalaTeDo sanTazi kuDum iDikaTe geyan ba.zTig-a | 

mul a.za. (Key Words): sanTaz savTa, a.Tu Disom, arica.li, parcawyena, eman ko |

eTohob kaTHa (Introduction): sanTaz savTa reyag kaTHa la.y lekHan ge puyluTe a.Tu Disom reyag jiyon ciTa.r ge monere jHalkaw rakabog-a | a.Tu Disom ren hoz koDo cas-abaDx, seNDera-kareka ar ka.mi-nalha kaTe jiyon ko kHaNdawyeDa | nuku Do purkiT sav Tal mila.w kaTe jiyon ko kHaNdaw eDa | suDHu ona sumuf Do baf nukuwag jiyon DHara Do purkiT ceTanre a.digan ge tehaNd menag-a | jeleka ruwa.-ha.sug reyag ran murgan, reNgej TeTaf reyag jomag quwagre, TaNhen la.giD ozag Duwa.r juTre Dare na.zi eman ko, nofka arhoN ayma | nofkan jiyon kHaNdaw DHa.zre purkiT ge sohojx sorol maonwa money teyar akaDa | nuku  sohojx sorol sanTaz hoz ko sosnog Teyar laha kHonge jibx jiya.li ar Dare na.zi ko saNw ga.hiNr sa.gay Teko Topol akana | suDHu ona sumuf Do baf Dare na.zi jibx jiya.li ar nowa DHa.rTi iDikaTe ayma obHifgoTa ko arjaw akaDa | ayma Din reyaG geyan ko saqcaw Tala Tege obHifgoTa Do  arjawog-a | purkiT ar jegeD reyaG nana huna.r saTam ceTanre jekHon ge hiNDij sirja.w-a, ar nowa hiNDij ge ayma lekan kukliy Teyara | jeleka – ceD ? CeDag ? nofkan kukli reyag Tela Do manowa ko apnarag a.yka.w ar  obHifgoTa ko Tula.-pa.yla. kaTeko ema | kuDum hoN kukli reyag miD lekan bHabx ge kana ar nowa reyag TelaDo ayuma.n kaTe em huyug-a, jaNha Tela Da jukTi Te Teyar akana | ‘kukli’ ar ‘Telage’ ge kuDum reyag asol jiwiTeD kana | kukli ar Tela muDre jukTi ge sompke Teyar akaDa | onaTeko meTag kana “Riddles are important logical tools in the traditional system of education” (Gwaravanda 2008) | sanTaz savTa ren hoz ko kuDum TalaTe sikna.T ko epem capala | giDxra. kHon hazam, budhi umeran hoz ko muDre kuDum reyag gunoman Do a.digan menag akaDa | kuDum reyag Tela paNja qam Do miD lekan celeNqjx kana ar jaNha Do muzuT, osar ar ga:hir bHabxTe uyha.r ko seMaya | kuDum reyag Tela em reyag Daze Doko meTag kana “The chance to uncover the meaning through a reasoning process” (Gwaravanda 2008) | ar kuDum reyag Tela Do “The answer to a given riddle acts as a conclusion of the logical process” (Gwaravanda 2008) | kuDum carca lekHan hoz ko muDre jukTi em reyag Daze Teyarog-a |

kuDum la.pa.y Do buDH, a.kil ar geyan carca reyag pantHa kana | giDxra. koDo gozom hazam bafkHan gozom budhi sav Dina. Ge siga.z beza kuDum ko la.pa.ya | pakoz manosikoTa Te Teyar akan kuDum ar kuDum reyag kukli koDo giDra. Kowag bale haTaf re Ta.kic-Tapakij e Teyara | nofkan Ta.kic-Tapakij Do giDra. Ko muzuD, osar ar ga.hire uyha.r ocokowa |    nofkan uyha.r baza Tege giDxra. Kowag bale haTaf re uyha.r bhabona reyag Dazey sirja.wa | giDxra. koDo ay-uma.n Te kuDum reyag Tela emkaTe, ona Tela Do kuDum sav ko Tula.jokHaya ar ona sav Te kuDum ar Telakin muDre jukTiyaTe sompok paNjay ko rika.ya | nofkan hewa Do giDra. Ko muDxre jukTi em reyag DokHoTay Teyara |

kuDum Do sanam lekan umeran hozkoge ko carcaya | giDxra. Ko jeleka hazam, budhi sav siNga.z bezako carcaya onka ge seNzahoz koDo bapola okoTo ba.huTul, Daram Dag okoTo sereq Te ar bafkHan kaTHa Teko kuDuma | ona begor ga.y-dafra gupi okoTo miD sav ko qapam lenkHan kuDum la.pay TalaTe okoTo ko kHemawa | nofkage moca kaTHaTe la.y-la.pa.y TalaTe kuDum koDo seDay kHon col hijug kana pizhi Tayom pizhi (Scott 2021) |

pozhon totHa (Study area): nowa kHoNDxroNDx sakam reyag saTam joTHaT leka galoc la.giD kuDum ko Tuma.l jawra reyag la.kTi huyena | borDHoman jegeD birDa.gaz ren 300 gotaf sanTaz pa.tHuwa kotHen kHon kuDum ko Tuma.l jawra akana | nuwa jegeD birDa.gaz Do ma.hiT 15 jun 1960 salre THapon lena | nuwa jegeD birDa.gaz Do sav bHaroT reyag seDay nagam ghoton ko jopozaw menag akaDa | nowa Do borDHoman jelare menag pucHim bafla ponoT reyag miD qutuman jegeD birDa.gaz kana | nowa reyag Do Longitude: 23.16⁰ North, Latitude: 87.54⁰ East kana |  nuwa jegeD birDa.gazre ayma gotaf THa.niT ko menag-a ar sanam THa.niT kore ge sanTaz gHaNronj ren pa.tHuwa. ko pazhag kana| ar miDta.f maraf subiDa Do huyug kana je node sanTazi THaniT menag akaDa, onaTe sanTaz pa.tHuwa. ko sav qapam kaTeTe kuDum Tuma.l jawra re jaNhan etkeNtoMe baf huylena |

kHoNDxroNn DHa.z (Research Method): nowa kHoNDxroNDx sakam reyag saTam joTHaT leka galoc ar suguz sa:hij lahasen galoc iDila.giD Te seNDera (somikHa/survey) reyag la.kTi huyakan | pa.tHuwa. ko sav qapam (Direct meet) ar kupuli (Interview) TalaTe sanTazi kuDum ko Tumal.(Collection) kaTe Tocbicena (Analysis) akana |

kuDum reyag pa.narsi (Definition): kuDum Do hoz savheD reyag quTuman ha.tiq kana, jaha hoTeTe seday hoz kowag a.yka.w eman ko pasnaw reyag panTHa kana |  kuDum reyag pa.na.rsi em Do a.di ge aNjHat geya | kuDum reyag Tela ko iDikaTe baf bHabiT kaTe pondiT koDo kuDum reyag mOwlik Duribx (upaDan) ko iDikaTe a.di seDay kHon rapacag ko Teyar akaDa | node miD bar kuDum reyag pa.na.rsi em reyag rika. huyena |

jHoTo kHon lahaTe Aristotle   ge  On Rhetoric re Riddle and the Metaphor iDikaTe ToTbic akaDay | jeleka : “Good riddles do, in general, provide us with satisfactory metaphors: for metaphors imply riddles, and therefore a good riddle can furnish a good metaphor” (Aristotle 1991) | Aristotle    Do kuDum reyag boisisto iDikaTe ajag mote la.y soDor akaDa jeleka – “The very nature indeed of a riddle is this, to describe a fact that in an impossible combination of words (which cannot be done with the real names for things, but can be with their metaphorical substitute . . . )” (Aristotle, The Poetics 1968) |

kuDum bHiTiri re menag boisisto koDo pusta.w saNhij baf sa.buDx akana | onaTe kuDum reyag purkiT ar pa.rsi iDikaTe mOulik curiT koy uDug soDor akaDa André Jolles. jeleka- “The riddle opens and closes at the same time; the way the riddle encrypts is such that it simultaneously contains and conceals, holds and withholds” (Jolles 2017) | Archer Taylor Do 1938 sal re men leDay je  riddle research was still in its beginning. Ina. Tayom koyek serma Tayom ge kuDum iDikaTe ajag moTe soDor akaDa | jeleka- “a true riddle consists of two descriptions of an object, one figurative and one literal, and confuses the hearer who endeavours to identify an object described in conflicting ways” (Taylor 1943) | Archer Taylor pa.na.rsi Do kuDum reyag huduq uTa.r pahata ge soDorag kana | onaTe kuDum reyag marag jos ar ga.hir gun ko sodor lagiD Robert A. Georges ar Alan Dundes Tikin Do nawa Te kuDum reyag pa.na.rsi Teyar reyag kin rika. keDa | jeleka- “A riddle is a traditional verbal expression which contains one or more descriptive elements, a pair of which may be in opposition; the referent of the elements is to be guessed” (Goldstein 1963) | nowa Tayom Charles T. Scott Do kuDum iDikaTe ajag ToTbic anag moTe soDor akaDa | nuy Do kuDum reyag gozhon pahata ko TunkHi kaTe kuDum reyak rup men Do morphological characteristics ToTbic kaTe Robert A. Georges ar Alan Dundes Tikinag moT sarhaw kaTe men akaDay je the riddle as a genre kuDum Do jenar menTey moneyeDay|

noTayom W. J. Pepicello and Thomas A. Green koDum Do pa.rsi pa.rsi saNMes pahata kHon kin TunkHi akaDa | akinag moT lekaTe  Riddles as “verbal art from a linguistic perspective” and “to build toward a characterization of the genre as an integration of formal linguistic and culturally aesthetic strategies” (Green 1979)| ar miD pondeT  Joel Sherzer Do kuDum iDikaTe metaphoric pahata khon men akaDay Riddles “occur in a question-and-answer format in which the question is enigmatic and challenges the answerer to figure it out. The question is mystifying, misleading, or puzzling, posed as a problem to be solved or guessed, something difficult to understand. The answer is surprising but clever. At the same time, a riddle is a kind of definition or description whose referent must be guessed” (Sherzer 2002) | Sherzer Do 20^th say serma re gozhon TeTD pahata kHon kuDum reyag pa.rsi, saTam, eman ko iDikaTe, a.diDhaw e ToTbic akaDa | kuDum reyag gaban DHara, kuDum Teyarog hora, kuDum reyag bewhar eman ko iDikaTe galoc akaDay | kuDum iDikaTe ayma carca huyakana, jeleka onareyag lakcar pahata, pa.na.rsi pahata, ona savTe kuDum reyag pa.na.rsi ceD huyug-a ona iDikaTe moT ko soDor akana |

sanTazi Te kuDum reyag pana.rsi em reyag rika. Akana| jeleka-‘jaNha kukli Do a.yaT Te gaban akana ar kukli Do kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD men kaTe eTohobog-a ar ona reyag Tela Do apalheD re TaNhena, nofkan Tela koDo jukTi sav porTaz kaTe kuDum reyag Tela lekaTe sa.buDog, nofkan kukli ge kuDum ko meTag-a”| ceaTan re la.yen kuDum reyag pa.narsi Do gozhon pahata Disa. kaTe gaban |

kuDum reyag gozhon (Structure): kuDum Do miD lekan DHara ar Discourse kana | kuDum reyag Formulaic ar Narrative form TunkHi kaTe baday qamog kana je, Dina.m Din jiyon biTa.w samaf reyag ciTa.r ar gHoTon ko aTe ge, ar bafkHan nofkan saTam Tege kuDum Do gabanoG kana | jibx jiya.li, Dare na.zI, DHa.rTi reyaG nana huna.r ko ceTan manowa kowag ga.hir a.yka.w ko teNhadTe kuDum Do Teyarog kana | onaTe kuDum iDikaTe men akana “  The ideological thoughts running through the riddlers’ minds are a metaphoric and allegorical representation of the contexts that make up the thoughts and events among which the riddlers live” (Wambi 2013)|  ‘lusoga’ ag kuDum iDikaTe carca TeD napayleKa TunkHi leKHan kuDum iDikaTe eyay THar pusta.w Te soDorog kana |

jeleka- (1) antecedent; (2) precedent; (3) unravelling; (4) crowning; (5) declamation; (6) affirmation; and (7) the agreement (Wambi 2013)|

kuDum reyag gozhon iDikaTe ToTbic :
(1) Antecedent- nowa hoTeTe aNjomiya. Ko kuDum akHazaTe hohowa ko huyug kana jaNha Do kuDum la.y eTohobog la.giDog| kuDum la.Y lahare ‘kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD’ kaTHa men huyug kana jaNha hoTeTe Do kuDum Tela emog ko sonTreD ko huyug kana je, kuMiD ceMe leka uyha.r se bHa.biT Doroya re madraw kaTe kuDum reyag Tela Do paNja qam huyug-a | ‘kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD’ kaTHa la.y reyag hoN miD lekan bHozof menag akaDa, jaNhaDo puyluTe a.di ta.hxri ar ma.hiR maCHa menkaTe Tayom Do cugHuz macHa men huyug-a|

(2) Precedent- nowa hoTeTe Do kuDum la.y reyag DHara ge pusta.w Te soDorog-a | kuDum re miD lekan kukli uku TaNhena | kuDum reyag kukli Do a.di rupre soDorog-a, jaNhaDo miDta.f a.za., azaf, bhenta kaTHa, menkaTha, sereq, ka.ha.ni lekaTehoN miDta.f kuDum Do sodor Dazeyag-a | jeleka kudum Do nofka ko mena-

kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD –

ar ka.qme budhi Tiya.g ka.qme,  ma la.y kagme ceD ?

Tela- silpiq

ceTan re olen kuDum TalaTE miD lekan Discourse ge Teyar akana | nowa kuDum TalaTe mid lekan abosTHa reyag kaTHa menog kana | nowa  abosTHa sav manowa ko Do a.di geko upuruma | kuDum reyag kukli anjom kaTe Tela emog kaDo nowa  abosTHa reyag geko uyha.r qam reyag ko rika.ya |

(3) Unraveling-  nowa hoTeTe kuDum reyag kukli sec algaTey a.yur iDibona, janha Do kuDum reyag kukli Disa.kaTe miDlekan bornon bon soDor Dazeyag-a | jaNhay hoz koDoko caLAK GEYA UNKU Do kuDum reyag bHeDx ko ra.puD reyaG ko rika.ya ar Tela sav porTaz reyak ko rika.ya | onkan okjoTo Tela ko em Dazeyag kHan ko jiTka.rena ar baf ko em Dazeyag kHan ha.r manaw huyug Takowa | onaTe kuDum reyag nowa THar re kuDum reyaG Tela em reyag sana gey pusta.w ocoya | jaNhay ko kuDum reyag Telako ema unku Do ayma DHaw ayma lekan Tela em reyag ko rika.ya | ona Tela ko TunkHi leKHan qelog-a, okaDo soman meneDag kana, okaDo ulta. meneDag kana, onaTe ayma Telage baDog-a, ceDag se kuDum la.la.yijag kusi sav baf potag-a |

(4) Crowning- nowa hoTeTe kuDumre bewhaRog kan ciTa.r ar bafkHan curiT koDo muMuD(Main) lekaTe manaw ocoyeDay | jeleka a.Ture ma.jHi ge muMuD kanay se bafkHan muMuD lekaTebon manaw e kana | onkage gHaNronj reNho miD hoz muMuD hoze TaNhena | onkage kuDum reNho miDta.f curiT Do muMuD lekaTe manawog kana | jeleka  –

kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD –

ar ka.qme budhi Tiya.g ka.qme,  ma la.y kagme ceD ?

Tela- silpiq

nowa kuDum  TunkHilekHan qelog kana mazaf goron reyag ‘iq’ a.za. ge muMuD lekaTe manaw akana | nofkage kuDum re purkiT reyag jahanag ge muMuD lekaTe baTawog –a |

(5) Declamation- nowa hoTeTe kuDum reyag jeleq, sabaDx se a.za. bacHaw ar kuDum reyag gozhon eman ko abHaranTe sajawog-a | jaNha hoTeTe Do kuDum TeDx Tina.g napay ar ga:hir bHabxTe manowa tHen apanarog-a | ar kukli reyag orjo lekaTe Telage sajaw huyug-a |

(6) Affirmation-  nowa hoTeTe Do kuDum reyag Tela em Tayom, ona Tela Do biCa.r huyug-a, ToTbic huyug-a, je, okalekare nowa Tela Do kuDum sav sompog Teyarena ar cika.Te kuDum reyag Tela huyena now age Tula.pa.yla huyug-a |

(7) The Agreement-  nowa hoTeTe Do kuDum la.la.yij kuDum reyag jaNha Telay DIsa. akaDa, ona Tela Do kuDum TelakuD baf ko em Dazeyag-a, ceDag se kuDum la.la.yij kuDum reyag jaNha Telay DIsa. akaDa ona Disa. Sav Tela emog koDo onka baf ko Disa. Dazeyag-a | onaTe qel akana kuDum reyag Tela Do laha KHonag ge pizhi Tayom Pizhi kuDum tehad Te manaw baTaw hijug kana | ar juDi kuDum reyag tela la.y buta. Ganog-a onage Agreement   menTe baTag-a |

kuDum re pa.rsi soyili (Style): soyili Do miD kaTHaTe la.y ganog-a riTi se kaTHa kuDa.w Daze | soyili Do pa.rsi hoTe Tege soDorog-a |  soyili Do pa.rsi ceTan rege teNhad menag-a | manowa kowag kaTHa kuNDa.w Daze ge soyili menTe lekHag kana | nowa kaTHa kuNDa.w Daze Tege kuDum re a.di napay kikli benawog-a, nowage silpo (artists) lekaTe baTag-a | silpo (artists) ka.mi TalaTe kuDum re basTog DHa.rTi reyag nanahuna.r ciTa.r ko sodorog-a | kuDum benaw reyag jos lekaTe DHa.rTi reyag nanahuna.r duribx ko bornonog-a (Abell 2006) | onaTe kuDum Disa.kaTe men akana   “An assumption is manifest to an individual to the extent that she is capable of representing it mentally and accepting its representation as either true or probably true” (Wilson 1986) |

kuDum re cehera a.yka.w (Aesthetic): kuDum Do hoz savheD reyag quTuman hozmo ha.tiq kana | seDay jug kHon kuDum Do manowa mone ra.ska.Tey TirpiD a.gu akaDa | seday juGx re kuDum Do okoy ko Teyar a.gu akaDa ona baf bo baday reNho, niya. Sumuf gebox badaya je nicHora nirla. Manowa monere Teyar akana | kuDum Do baqcaw Tahena nuku hohag manowa kowag moca moca re | seDay jugx kHon niT ha.bij kuDum Do baqcaw menag reyag asol oje Do kana, kuDumre menag akaDa cehera a.na.ykaw(Aesthetic) | sanTazire ayma kuDum menag akaDa | nowa kuDum ko TalaTe okaleka cehera a.na.ykaw(Aesthetic) sodorog kana Da.yka.mesa laTare galocena-

kuDum re kuMiD kuMiD –

pur laTar cuka.g Dag,  ma la.y kagme ceD ?

Tela- beNgaz

ceTanre olen kuDum TunkHi lekHan qelog-a, onupras abHaran reyag bewhar qelog kana, onkare Dosar pa.hiTe bale rasa reyag upurum qam akana | keDumre Aesthetic reyag bewhar ge miDlekan silpo kana | keDumre a.za. koreyag bewhar miDlekan proTibHa kana jaNhaTeD  cehera a.na.ykaw kana | onaTe kuDum Do seDay KHon niThoN hozkowag moca mocaTe  baqcaw menag geya | nahag okoTo re kuDum TalaTe archaeology, Congnitive Science, Anthropology, Sociology, Linguistic, Religion ar Humanities nofkan eman nahag mone koreyag saqcaw ganog-a |

la.ha.ni (Conclusion): sanTazi pa.rsiTe kuDum Do berbeDxlej omon akana | nowaren sirjoniya. koDo sanTaz savTaren ren hozkoge ar ako ge la.y la.pa.y TalaTe pizhi Taym pizhi moca mocaTeko carca a.guyeDa | kuDum la.y ar Tela emogre ra.ska. a.ykawog reNho nowa reyag gozhon TunKHi lekHan hahaza ge a.ykawog kana | kuDum sirja.w la.giD buDHi geyan reyag la.kTi menag akaDa, ona hoTeTe kuDum sirjaw kaTe sanTaz savTaren manowa koDo buDx a.kil ar geyan reyag upurum ko em akaDa | kuDum TalaTe savTa seceD pasnaw hijuk kana seDay kHon |